Webware

OpenTable was the special of the day on Wall Street on Thursday.

The restaurant-reservation company's stock soared on its first day of trading on Nasdaq, gaining nearly 60 percent to close at $31.89 after selling 3 million shares at $20 a share during its initial public offering Wednesday. Nearly 5 million shares changed hands, trading as high as $35.50.

OpenTable's stock performance is the biggest first-day gain for an IPO since energy-management systems firm Orion Energy Systems gained 65 percent in its debut in December 2007, according to IPO research firm Renaissance Capital.

OpenTable's revenue comes from monthly subscription fees charged to restaurants for access to the company's service, as well as a $1 fee paid by restaurants for each seated guest derived from reservations made on OpenTable's site.

The company earned 2 cents per share on nearly $16 million in revenue in the quarter ended March 31, 2009, and lost 10 cents per share on revenue of $13.2 million in 2008.

The San Francisco-based company says it has 10,000 restaurant customers around the world and has seated more 100 million diners since its inception in 1998.

Online restaurant reservation provider OpenTable is getting ready to go public.

According to a release, the company will price its initial public offering at $20 per share.

But a share price doesn't tell you the whole story about a company. Whether you're thinking about investing in OpenTable, or you simply want to see why the company's executives believe that it has a good chance to be successful on the Nasdaq, there's no better way to find out than to look at its current state of operations.

Profits (or no?)
According to its latest SEC filing, OpenTable earned $16 million in revenue during the three months ended March 31. During the same period in 2008, it earned $13.2 million in revenue. For the first quarter of 2009, the company generated a profit of $366,000. Last year, it lost $87,000.

Annually, OpenTable hasn't fared so well. According to its 2008 income statement, the company lost $1.02 million on revenue of $55.8 million. In 2007, the company generated a profit of $9.2 million on $41 million in revenue. That said, its profit was the result of a $9 million tax benefit. It lost $856,000 on operations in 2008 before it incurred that benefit.

SAN FRANCISCO--More than a dozen executives from various Web video services gathered Tuesday in a small meeting room in the corner of Adobe Systems' Bay Area headquarters to discuss "the state of online video." The round table, which was organized by video news network Beet.tv, wasn't for an impending emergency, but there was a somber tone. Falling ad rates, crunched credit, and lackluster consumer spending have already started to take their toll on the Web video business.

NewTeeVee's Liz Gannes, who moderated the latter half of the round table, asked the executives how the current economic climate had changed how their companies did business. The answer from many centered on advertising. Not necessarily how much the companies were getting from ads, but how the experimentation that had once opened up new ways to make money and draw attention had been stepped down dramatically.

Dan Beltramo, CEO of Vizu, which measures the advertising of brands, said that advertisers simply aren't spending as much money, and as a result they can't go out and try new things. Beltramo says the real losers in this situation end up being the smaller sites, as the ad companies then go with the safer ad bet on a bigger site.

What may come out of this lack of experimentation in 2009 is a more ubiquitous ad format for videos though. A much-discussed topic was that ad units inside videos has largely been a custom job, with sizes, shapes, and formats of all types. The end result is that advertisers have to spend more time trying to shape them to specific sites instead of offering something that could be used across the Web. With budgets stretched tight, and advertisers more wary, this may pave the way for new standards, which could benefit some of the smaller companies.

Over a dozen executives from various parts of the Web video industry meet to discuss where it's going in 2009.

(Credit: CNET Networks / Josh Lowensohn)

Looking to the future
For YouTube, 2008 was a banner year which can be traced back to politics. More specifically the U.S. presidential election. The site saw a large surge in political content from 2007-2008, with YouTube's News Manager Olivia Ma putting that number somewhere around 600 percent year-over-year.

Ma says YouTube's big focus in 2009 is to let users stream video wherever they are from any device they use. Whether she was referring to the viewing of content, or broadcasting it was unclear. In late 2008 YouTube experimented with live broadcasting as part of its YouTube Live event, although the same technology has not been made available to its users, despite Steve Chen, co-founder of YouTube alluding to it last February.

Another focus of 2009 may be streaming costs and storage. For Motionbox, which offers video hosting specifically targeted at family and friends, costs are going up. Chris O'Brien, Motionbox's chairman says that costs in both storage and streaming of HD files is pushing his company to raise prices this year. His company's paid service, which normally costs $30 a year may see a bump to $40. "Storage has gotten cheaper, but not that much cheaper," he says.

This same effect has already been seen on other sites. Last year Vimeo introduced its Plus service, which gives its paying users the capability to upload more HD footage, while at the same time noticeably limiting how much embedded HD playback and uploading its nonpaying members were doing. Flickr, which just introduced HD video on Monday could end up going the same route, as the price of its $25 a year pro subscription allows for uploading an unlimited number of HD clips (albeit small ones).

You can catch the entire three-hour roundtable, which has been split up into two parts, over on UStream.TV (part 1, part 2).

Responding to its users' desire for more restaurant review offerings, TripAdvisor announced Tuesday that throughout 2009, it will be adding features that will allow visitors to do more than review eateries on the site. So far, the site features 2 million reviews and ratings on 500,000 restaurants worldwide. To help users search through those more effectively, TripAdvisor added price, cuisine, and "recommended for" filters to its restaurant page Tuesday.

Also, the company has partnered with OpenTable.com to allow U.S. users to make a reservation directly on TripAdvisor's site. The company's new iPhone app, dubbed Local Picks, lets users find local restaurants and use the device's location-based technology to find restaurants nearby. More features will be announced later this year. Goodrec offers a similar service.

Online radio service Slacker Radio has launched five new stations in time for Valentine's Day. Its Broken Heart Radio station will feature "a melancholy mix of lost love and yearning with a touch of soulful redemption." Slow Jamz aims at getting you in the mood with songs from Marvin Gaye and others, while Rock Ballads Radio tries to bring you and your loved one back to the 1970s and 1980s. All of the company's Valentine's Day stations are live now.

XLR8 Mobile, a company that offers customizable widgets for sharing videos, music, and pictures across social networks, announced that it has changed its name to Dijit. The company's CEO, Eric Allen, claims the name change was the result of his company's "commitment" to developing new technology that allows users to share their original content and focus more on sharing. The company's new name was announced in conjunction with the release of a beta version of its widget platform.

Oodle, a network for online classifieds, announced Tuesday that it raised $5.6 million in funding from existing investors, Greylock Partners, JAFCO Ventures, and Redpoint Ventures. The company, which announced last year that it will power Facebook's Marketplace, will use the funding to form more partnerships. The Facebook Marketplace is scheduled to launch later this quarter.

Search marketing and analytic firm Enquisite, closed an $8 million round of financing that was led by Castile Ventures and Formative Ventures. According to the company, it plans to use the funding for product development and marketing efforts it hopes will expand its operation.

Are you a stats junkie? If you're like me and could make comparison charts all day long you should check out Tablefy, a simple service that lets you quickly put together large and complex tables of data. You can compare whatever you want, and there's already a handful of user-created data tables like superhero stats, sports car specifications, and even a well-done chart of several popular blogging tools going head-to-head.

The tool is set up just like any old spreadsheet, except that you can predefine any row by what you're planning to put in it. You can drop in text and numbers or insert media like a YouTube video or hosted photo. In the chart embedded below I managed to throw in two videos with just a copy and paste. You can also increase your fill-out speed using simple keyboard shortcuts that let you skip ahead either by row or column. Some of the auto-formatting is especially well done. For example, writing yes or no automatically turns the cell green or red respectively. Trying to do that in Google Spreadsheets can be a pain unless you've got a template set up or take the time to format the cells.

What makes the tool really neat is that you can grab any bit of data from another chart and add it to your "comparison basket." It will automatically link up any related data like height, weight, age, etc., and put it in the right row across all the tables you've added. This lets you come up with crazy combinations. For example, I compared the XBox 360 to Iron Man (both awesome). More beneficial creations include a presidential nominee comparison, popular water filters going sink-to-sink, and a listing of poisonous plants to avoid.

Chart creators can also declare a winner between each column of data. Likewise anyone who reads that chart can agree or disagree through the comments or with a simple radio button.

Tablefy reminds me a lot of data comparison and tracking service Swivel. The big difference between the two being Tablefy's focus on just charts, whereas Swivel branches out into scatter plots, bar graphs, and pie charts. Swivel also has a huge head start on user- and service-generated data. For use in things like term papers or business reports, users are likely to see Swivel if only for this richer mass of searchable data.

To see an introductory video of Tablefy, hit the break below.

go to the table!

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SAN FRANCISCO--The inner workings of Google just became a little less secret.

The search colossus has shed only occasional light on its data center operations, but on Wednesday, Google fellow Jeff Dean turned a spotlight on some parts of the operation. Speaking to an overflowing crowd at the Google I/O conference here on Wednesday, Dean managed simultaneously to demystify Google a little while also showing just how exotic the company's infrastructure really is.

Google fellow Jeff Dean

(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET News.com)

On the one hand, Google uses more-or-less ordinary servers. Processors, hard drives, memory--you know the drill.

On the other hand, Dean seemingly thinks clusters of 1,800 servers are pretty routine, if not exactly ho-hum. And the software company runs on top of that hardware, enabling a sub-half-second response to an ordinary Google search query that involves 700 to 1,000 servers, is another matter altogether.

Google doesn't reveal exactly how many servers it has, but I'd estimate it's easily in the hundreds of thousands. It puts 40 servers in each rack, Dean said, and by one reckoning, Google has 36 data centers across the globe. With 150 racks per data center, that would mean Google has more than 200,000 servers, and I'd guess it's far beyond that and growing every day.

Regardless of the true numbers, it's fascinating what Google has accomplished, in part by largely ignoring much of the conventional computing industry. Where even massive data centers such as the New York Stock Exchange or airline reservation systems use a lot of mainstream servers and software, Google largely builds its own technology.

I'm sure a number of server companies are sour about it, but Google clearly believes its technological destiny is best left in its own hands. Co-founder Larry Page encourages a "healthy disrespect for the impossible" at Google, according to Marissa Mayer, vice president of search products and user experience, in a speech Thursday.

To operate on Google's scale requires the company to treat each machine as expendable. Server makers pride themselves on their high-end machines' ability to withstand failures, but Google prefers to invest its money in fault-tolerant software.

"Our view is it's better to have twice as much hardware that's not as reliable than half as much that's more reliable," Dean said. "You have to provide reliability on a software level. If you're running 10,000 machines, something is going to die every day."

Breaking in is hard to do
Bringing a new cluster online shows just how fallible hardware is, Dean said.

In each cluster's first year, it's typical that 1,000 individual machine failures will occur; thousands of hard drive failures will occur; one power distribution unit will fail, bringing down 500 to 1,000 machines for about 6 hours; 20 racks will fail, each time causing 40 to 80 machines to vanish from the network; 5 racks will "go wonky," with half their network packets missing in action; and the cluster will have to be rewired once, affecting 5 percent of the machines at any given moment over a 2-day span, Dean said. And there's about a 50 percent chance that the cluster will overheat, taking down most of the servers in less than 5 minutes and taking 1 to 2 days to recover.

A look at a custom-made Google rack with 40 servers from a modern data center. Infrastructure guru Jeff Dean showed the snapshot at the Google I/O conference.

(Credit: Stephen Shankland-CNET News.com/Jeff Dean-Google)

While Google uses ordinary hardware components for its servers, it doesn't use conventional packaging. . And, Dean said, the company currently puts a case around each 40-server rack, an in-house design, rather than using the conventional case around each server.

The company has a small number of server configurations, some with a lot of hard drives and some with few, Dean said. And there are some differences at the larger scale, too: "We have heterogeneity across different data centers but not within data centers," he said.

As to the servers themselves, Google likes multicore chips, those with many processing engines on each slice of silicon. Many software companies, accustomed to better performance from ever-faster chip clock speeds, are struggling to adapt to the multicore approach, but it suits Google just fine. The company already had to adapt its technology to an architecture that spanned thousands of computers, so they already have made the jump to parallelism.

"We really, really like multicore machines," Dean said. "To us, multicore machines look like lots of little machines with really good interconnects. They're relatively easy for us to use."

Although Google requires a fast response for search and other services, its parallelism can produce that even if a single sequence of instructions, called a thread, is relatively slow. That's music to the ears of processor designers focusing on multicore and multithreaded models.

"Single-thread performance doesn't matter to us really at all," Dean said. "We have lots of parallelizable problems."

The secret sauce
So how does Google get around all these earthly hardware concerns? With software--and this is where you might think about dusting off your computer science degree.

A Google data center, circa 2000. Note the fan on the floor to cool servers.

(Credit: Stephen Shankland-CNET News.com/Jeff Dean-Google)

Dean described three core elements of Google's software: GFS, the Google File System, BigTable, and the MapReduce algorithm. And although Google helps with a lot of open-source software projects that helped the company get its start, these packages remain proprietary except in general terms.

GFS, at the lowest level of the three, stores data across many servers and runs on almost all machines, Dean said. Some incarnations of GFS are file systems "many petabytes in size"--a petabyte being a million gigabytes. There are more than 200 clusters running GFS, and many of these clusters consist of thousands of machines.

GFS stores each chunk of data, typically 64MB in size, on at least three machines called chunkservers; master servers are responsible for backing up data to a new area if a chunkserver failure occurs. "Machine failures are handled entirely by the GFS system, at least at the storage level," Dean said.

To provide some structure to all that data, Google uses BigTable. Commercial databases from companies such as Oracle and IBM don't cut the mustard here. For one thing, they don't operate the scale Google demands, and if they did, they'd be too expensive, Dean said.

BigTable, which Google began designing in 2004, is used in more than 70 Google projects, including Google Maps, Google Earth, Blogger, Google Print, Orkut, and the core search index. The largest BigTable instance manages about 6 petabytes of data spread across thousands of machines, Dean said.

MapReduce, the first version of which Google wrote in 2003, gives the company a way to actually make something useful of its data. For example, MapReduce can find how many times a particular word appears in Google's search index; a list of the Web pages on which a word appears; and the list of all Web sites that link to a particular Web site.

With MapReduce, Google can build an index that shows which Web pages all have the terms "new," "york," and "restaurants"--relatively quickly. "You need to be able to run across thousands of machines in order for it to complete in a reasonable amount of time," Dean said.

The MapReduce software is increasing use within Google. It ran 29,000 jobs in August 2004 and 2.2 million in September 2007. Over that period, the average time to complete a job has dropped from 634 seconds to 395 seconds, while the output of MapReduce tasks has risen from 193 terabytes to 14,018 terabytes, Dean said.

On any given day, Google runs about 100,000 MapReduce jobs; each occupies about 400 servers and takes about 5 to 10 minutes to finish, Dean said.

That's a basis for some interesting math. Assuming the servers do nothing but MapReduce, that each server works on only one job at a time, and that they work around the clock, that means MapReduce occupies about 139,000 servers if the jobs take 5 minutes each. For 7.5-minute jobs, the number increases to 208,000 servers; if the jobs take 10 minutes, it's 278,000 servers.

My calculations could be off base, but even qualitatively, that's enough computing horsepower to make the mind boggle.

Fault-tolerant software
MapReduce, like GFS, is explicitly designed to sidestep server problems.

"When a machine fails, the master knows what task that machine was assigned and will direct the other machines to take up the map task," Dean said. "You can end up losing 100 map tasks, but can have 100 machines pick up those tasks."

The MapReduce reliability was severely tested once during a maintenance operation on one cluster with 1,800 servers. Workers unplugged groups of 80 machines at a time, during which the other 1,720 machines would pick up the slack. "It ran a little slowly, but it all completed," Dean said.

And in a 2004 presentation, Dean said, one system withstood a failure of 1,600 servers in a 1,800-unit cluster.

Next-generation data center to-do list
So all is going swimmingly at Google, right? Perhaps, but the company isn't satisfied and has a long to-do list.

Most companies are trying to figure out how to move jobs gracefully from one server to another, but Google is a few orders of magnitude above that challenge. It wants to be able to move jobs from one data center to another--automatically, at that.

"We want our next-generation infrastructure to be a system that runs across a large fraction of our machines rather than separate instances," Dean said.

Right now some massive file systems have different names--GFS/Oregon and GFS/Atlanta, for example--but they're meant to be copies of each other. "We want a single namespace," he said.

These are tough challenges indeed considering Google's scale. No doubt many smaller companies look enviously upon them.

Zoho continues its quest to build the most comprehensive online productivity suite, adding support for macros and pivot tables in its spreadsheet, Zoho Sheet.

The new version includes support for Visual Basic (VB), the scripting language used for Microsoft Excel for macros, said Raju Vegesna, Zoho's chief evangelist. Zoho built its VB engine independent from any Microsoft code, he noted.

"This means your existing macros will now work in Zoho Sheet. This makes Zoho Sheet the first online spreadsheet to understand macros. Even OpenOffice doesn't understand VB macros," Vegesna said in a note about the new features. Google Apps doesn't support VB script either.

Users can import Excel macros into a Zoho spreadsheet. The Excel functions are converted into Java and executed in the backend, Vegesna said.

Zoho's support for VB is limited at this stage, however. Only about 50 percent of spreadsheet functions available in Excel are supported, Vegesna said. In addition, exporting and recording of macros are not yet supported.

In addition to allowing businesses to bring their Excel macros into Zoho and vice versa with some limitations, the VB engine also gives Zoho a way to build macros that cut across a variety of Zoho applications, which include Writer, CRM, and Creator.

"The plan is to extend the Visual Basic engine to other apps," Vegesna said.

Zoho Sheet supports a subset of VB functions, including about 50 percent of spreadsheet-related functions.

(Credit: Zoho)

Pivot Tables & Charts brings the capability to create pivot tables and pivot charts via a drag-and-drop interface. This feature has already been available in ZohoDB.

(Credit: Zoho)

Other features added to Zoho Sheet include sharing spreadsheets within a group; support for named ranges; allow for hiding formulas in public spreadsheets; import of 100,000 rows of data from CSV files; tab separated values file support; and versions in Czech, Bulgarian, and traditional Chinese.

Zoho Sheet is free for individual users and is availabe as part of the Zoho Business Suite, which is priced at $50 per user per year.

Here is a video from Zoho, demonstrating the macro and pivot table features:

Google plans to launch a service called App Engine Monday evening that the company hopes will attract programmers and eventually companies needing an expandable foundation for online applications.

App Engine, free to the first 10,000 people who sign up, offers a combination of several online Google services for those who want a place to host software, said Pete Koomen, a product manager on the Google developer team. Those include the BigTable service for data storage and processing--as expected--along with authentication to let people sign on to services and e-mail to let the system handle communications, he said.

At an event called Campfire One Monday night, Google plans to show off some internally developed Web applications written with the service. One of them lets people sign up for carpools, joining the service, declaring whether and when they want to drive or be driven, and then being matched to likely partners.

The company is pitching App Engine as an easy way for programmers to build software without having to worry about rebuilding it once it gets too big for its original hardware or software britches.

"We've seen cases where developers have had to rearchitect systems every six to nine months because of the load of increasing traffic," Koomen said. Using Google's App Engine sidesteps those issues by distributing software across Google's own servers, automatically handling larger-scale use, he said.

It looks to me like the move could put some competitive pressure on other online services such as Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Salesforce.com's AppExchange.

But Stephen Arnold, author of "Google Version 2," sees grander ambitions in the App Engine plan. Google's BigTable software and accompanying Sawzall technology for analyzing huge quantities of data offers big companies a way to tackle data-mining tasks they currently can't manage, such as American Express plumbing five years' worth of credit-card transactions to determine the merits of Father's Day promotions.

"This is a real zinger for the banks and credit-card agencies," he said.

App Engine programs can be written in the Python programming language, Koomen said, though Google is seeking advice on what other languages to support. With App Engine, programmers can use a Google software development kit to write the software on their own computer, then upload it to App Engine when desired.

Google's App Engine initially will have limits of 500MB of storage, 10GB of daily data transfer bandwidth, and 200 million daily cycles of processor use. That should be enough to power a Web site with about 5 million page views per month, Koomen said.

After the preview period ends, all comers will be able to use that amount of capacity for free, and using more will cost pay-as-you-go fees that Google isn't yet announcing.

Google expects to generate some revenue from the service and from AdSense if developers incorporate that service into their Web applications, said Tom Stocky, another Google product manager. But the real payback from the service is indirect, Koomen said.

"The primary motivation is to enable the Web as a platform and move it forward," Koomen said. "If it's easier for developers to build Web applications, (that) means more applications. That attracts more users to the Web and helps Google as well."

Future features will include mechanisms for storing files larger than 1MB, billing users for computer use, and support for offline applications, Koomen added.

Google engineers also will discuss the site at the Google I/O developer conference in May.

Update 8:15 a.m. PDT March 8: All the early spots appear to be taken, but you can sign up for the waiting list at Google's Web site. Some more links for the project include a thorough overall App Engine description; source code for the project, under the open-source Apache 2.0 license, available for download; a gallery of applications; and Google's App Engine blog. Also, I removed a potentially erroneous reference to a the database in Amazon's EC2 service; Amazon hasn't described what its SimpleDB service uses.

Science can produce some very cool things on the Web. One of them being this ridiculously useful Web version of the periodic table of the elements--a staple for chemists and scientists at large. The chart, found at Ptable.com, is completely dynamic, letting you adjust nearly every aspect of the data to see what each element does at various temperatures, and even turn back the hands of time to see which parts of the chart were missing before being discovered by scientists.

The table is hooked up directly to Wikipedia, letting you view the encyclopedia entries as small pop-ups that are skinned to match the site. You can also drill down on any element's info and view the data with color coding based on which group the element resides.

I'll be honest, the last time I saw this thing I was taking a prerequisite chem class back in college, but it's far more utilitarian than anything you'd find in a text book, which makes it a great tool for students. There are some other Web-based tables out there, but none of them I've seen look and function nearly as well. It's also one of the oldest, having launched back in 1997.

Related: All the glory of the universe, in a single Flash app

Wondering what the heck hafnium is, and when it burns? Check out this snazzy Web version of the periodic table to figure it out.

(Credit: CNET Networks)