Nanotech - The Circuits Blog

SAN FRANCISCO--Intel will finally enter the high-capacity solid-state drive business with the goal of replacing hard-disk drives in both consumer and corporate markets.

Inside an Intel solid state drive

(Credit: Intel)

This comes 20 years after Intel introduced its first flash memory--a 256KB flash chip in 1988. The world's largest chipmaker is announcing the line of solid-state drives at the Intel Developer Forum here.

The presence of Intel will intensify an already intensely competitive market. "Intel's entry into the SSD market has been expected for a while and although a bit delayed, represents the start of what we expect to be a very competitive market," said Avi Cohen, managing partner at Avian Securities.

Initially, Intel will have 80GB and 160GB solid-state drives based on multilevel cell (MLC) technology for the consumer and notebook markets, and 32GB and 64GB drives based on single-level cell (SLC) for the enterprise market. In 2009, Intel expects to have MLC drives with capacities up to 320GB.

MLC allows drive makers to build higher-capacity drives at lower cost but is not as fast as SLC nor inherently as reliable. Though SLC solid-state drives are used currently in some ultralight laptops, in most cases they will be replaced by MLC drives in future laptop models.

"The new generation of MLC-based products are an improvement over the initial SSD offerings which had a host of issues," Cohen said. "SSDs are ideally suited for the netbook category and will eventually replace (high-performance) hard-disk drives in the enterprise segment."

But most notebooks will continue to use hard-disk drives, Cohen said. "We expect mainstream notebooks to continue to utilize HDDs for the foreseeable future."

The "E" identifier on Intel solid-state drives will indicate "extreme" for SLC drives, and "M" will be associated with mainstream MLC units.

"The MLC will go into production in the next 30 days and the SLC in the next 90 days," said Troy Winslow, marketing manager for the NAND Products Group at Intel.

Drives will come in 1.8-inch and 2.5-inch sizes and be based on the Serial-ATA (SATA) II interface. Generally, ultralight notebooks such as the MacBook Air, ThinkPad X300, and the just-introduced HP 2530p use 1.8-inch drives, while corporate customers use the 2.5-inch size in server environments.

Solid-state drives provide much better performance for server-centric IOPS, or input/output operations per second, Intel says.

(Credit: Intel)

Intel says it has put a lot effort into making its solid-state drives reliable. "Right now 95 percent of the flash (memory) consumption is in consumer electronics devices. Storing photos, showing videos. (If) your card fails, you throw it away," Winslow said. Flash card makers have paid little attention to reliability, according to Winslow.

Getting the "intelligent design" right so data is secure is one reason for Intel's delayed entry into the market. "That's why we weren't first to market. It's tough," Winslow said.

Winslow thinks Intel solid-state drives are reliable enough now to have a good shot at replacing high-performance hard-disk drives in large server installations. "We know the data is critical. We know enterprise is going to thrash these drives 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for years," he said. "Bottom line is (enterprise users) can't count on hard drives. You can't predict their failure. By being solid-state there is that predictive ability. You can predict when it's going to wear out, when it's going to fail."

Fusion-io Chief Technology Officer David Flynn sees solid-state drives as a very disruptive force in hard-disk-drive-centric enterprise storage market. "This player is good at video on demand, that guy's good at IOPS (input/output operations per second) for database...It's a highly fractured market," Flynn said. "The differentiation between storage infrastructure will disappear as soon as you can put enough performance and capacity right inside the server."

Flynn echoed Intel's prediction that hard-disk drives will ultimately be relegated to the role that tape drives play today: "Hard disks will become the new tape (drive)...hard disks will store data...(SSDs) will house active data...very big difference...your active data tier will become a silicon tier."

Click here for full coverage of the Intel Developer Forum.

Samsung has begun production of 128GB solid-state drives as it tries to overcome technical hurdles with larger-capacity drives.

(Credit: Samsung)

The Seoul-based company announced Wednesday that it has begun mass producing 1.8- and 2.5-inch 128GB solid-state drives (SSDs). The new drives are based on a technology called multi-level cell (MLC). Samsung also plans to begin producing a 256GB solid-state drive at the end of this year using MLC.

MLC allows drive makers to build larger capacity drives, though the technology also presents performance and data reliability challenges--not only for Samsung but for all solid-state drive makers.

While multi-level cell technology allows higher data densities, it is not as fast as SLC (single-level cell), the technology used in current laptops such as the Apple MacBook Air and Hewlett-Packard 2510p. "MLC is a cost-efficient model of SLC" since multi-level cell squeezes more bits in a single cell, said Michael Yang, flash marketing manager at Samsung.

"What you're doing is that you're slowing down the chip" to maintain reliability, he said. "Performance wise, MLC is slower than SLC."

Yang also responded to reports claiming that solid-state drives are less power efficient than typical 2.5-inch hard disk drives. "From all our experiences with testing from both sides--from our flash memory division and hard drive division--we found SSDs are definitely more power efficient," said Yang. Power savings are 20 percent to 30 percent at the system level compared to hard disk drives, he said.

Yang added that the supporting silicon for newer Serial-ATA II solid-state drives is also more power efficient than the previous generation of SATA drives.

Power consumption for the Samsung SSD is approximately 0.2 watts, and in active mode 0.5 watts.

The Samsung MLC-based SSDs have a write speed of 70MB/s and a read speed of 90MB/s--performance levels that approach those of SLC-based solid-state drives now in mass production, the company said.

Mass production of the Samsung MLC-based 64GB SSDs also began this month, the company said.

In the wake of a series of technical announcements from flash memory supplier SanDisk, larger-capacity solid-state drives are on the way.

SanDisk 72GB solid state drive

(Credit: SanDisk)

Flash memory is gaining as a replacement for hard drives in ultra-thin, ultra-small notebooks such as the MacBook Air and Asus Eee PC. Why? Flash uses less power, generates less heat, and has faster access times than hard drives. The Air, for example, offers a 64GB flash-based SSD as an option while the Eee PC is sold standard with flash storage.

There is a big catch, though. High-capacity SSDs are expensive. Prohibitively so. The flash drive in the pricier $3,098 Air is the main culprit in the gaping $1,300 price difference with the lower-cost hard-drive model ($1,799).

Update: Historically, flash memory has had limited write cycles. That is, flash can eventually "wear out" after hundreds of thousands of write cycles--though firmware that spreads the writes over different sectors can extend the write cycles. It remains to be seen if this is an issue with SSDs used in the newest notebooks such as the Air.

The low power and high speed, however, make a flash drive almost irresistible for some users. A SanDisk SSD 1.8-inch drive achieves a sustained read rate of 66MB/sec and a random read rate of over 7,000 inputs/outputs per second for a 512-byte transfer, many times the speed of a hard drive--which must move an arm across a spinning platter to find data, the so-called seek time of a hard drive.

SanDisk will not discuss future pricing but as larger-capacity SSDs hit the market, prices are certain to fall. And eventually these will be steep price drops. For example, an 8GB SanDisk flash card now sells for about $80 at resellers. A few years ago consumers would have paid this much (or more) for a 1GB drive. (And a 1GB card was originally priced at $500 in 2004!)

SanDisk and Toshiba will start making flash memory on a new 43-nanometer manufacturing process that will result in SSDs later this year with capacities that should approach those of today's mainstream 2.5-inch hard drives, ranging between 120GB and 160GB.

The two companies recently achieved 32-gigabit (Gb) density, according to Khandker N. Quader, SanDisk's senior vice president of flash memory design and product development. The 32Gb die combined with multilevel cell (MLC) technology--which uses multiple levels per cell to allow more bits to be stored--"doubles the SSD capacity points," Quader said in a written response to questions.

Flash based on "X3" technology is another new development, Quader said. "This is an important milestone (and) allows us to do 3bits/cell as opposed to 2bits/cell thereby providing improved manufacturing efficiency," he said. "So a combination of technology scaling (i.e., 56nm to 43nm) and the bit scaling (i.e. 2bits/cell to 3bits/cell) is extremely powerful for manufacturing efficiency and for increasing capacities of flash memories."

But there are challenges. Moving to X3 can affect performance. "One very important point to take into consideration is that X3 is not a simple memory to manage," Quader said. "This is the first generation X3. We expect this to evolve in 2008."

SanDisk has also developed a 43nm 16Gb MLC for MicroSD, according to Quader. MicroSD is a tiny flash chip used in mobile phones. The new technology will double the capacity of current 8GB MicroSD, he said.