Adobe Systems released on Monday beta versions of three programming projects for producing online applications that run in its Flash Player, software that's widely used but also under competitive threat from other Web technologies.
First is a beta version of Flash Catalyst, a programming tool that's meant for the designer crowd rather than the coding crowd. Catalyst lets designers create a Flash application's user interface in Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator applications, import the files, attach a variety of actions to user interface elements, then produce the Flash application for production or for handing off to more serious programmers.
Second is the beta of Flash Builder 4, the harder-core programming tool previously called Flex Builder. This tool, based on the Eclipse programming software, employs Adobe's open-source Flex framework for building advanced Flash applications and is for the serious programming set who works in an integrated development environment (IDE). For example, it can be used to link Flash applications with a variety of back-end data sources for advanced features.
Third is the beta of Flex 4 framework that provides underpinnings for Flash applications, including everything from user interface components to animation technology. Flex 4, code-named Gumbo, is an open-source project.
Flash got its start as a way to produce animations on Web sites, leading to gripes that its timeline-based view of the world was alien to programmers. For the animation-oriented set, Adobe still offers its Flash Professional software, but for others, Adobe has the Flex-based approach for producing Flash applications.
Adobe offers a variety of tools in an attempt to appeal to a variety of programming styles. A single project can bounce among different people using the different tools, said Steven Heintz, principal product manager of the Adobe Platform business.
"We've really made all these tools work together," Heintz said. "For pieces of the same project, you can use the tools best for the job. We believe this is better than jamming all this together into one massive tool that's totally inappropriate."
Flash faces a number of challengers. Most directly is Microsoft's Silverlight, version 3 of which is set to be launched July 10. But Google, Yahoo, and browser makers also are advancing what can be done directly in Web browsers without relying on plug-ins such as Flash or Silverlight.
And HTML 5, an still-in-progress revision of the Hypertext Markup Language used to describe Web pages, comes with a variety of features such as the ability to run multiple tasks at the same time and to play video and audio as easily as browsers can display images today, and Google, Apple, Opera, and Firefox developer Mozilla are pushing what can be done with the JavaScript language for programming Web pages.
Adobe argues that it's got consistency on its side with Flash, though. Web users tend to upgrade to the newest Flash player relatively rapidly, and Flash works consistently regardless of which browser it's plugged into or which operating system it's running on. For programmers in the HTML camp, Adobe offers its DreamWeaver development software.
In contrast HTML and JavaScript--including advanced JavaScript applications built with technology called Ajax--varies from browser to browser, said Shafath Syed, a product marketing manager with the Adobe Platform group.
"We've come full circle" in the browser market to the mid-1990s browser wars, with different interpretations of standards and new features and differing support for that technology, Syed said. "That's always a challenge."
Another challenge both camps face is spreading to the increasingly important realm of mobile phones. Flash, for example, doesn't run on Apple's iPhone and is still under development for phones based on Google's Android operating system. Those devices support JavaScript and some HTML 5 features, though, they, of course, lack much of the processing power and memory to make full use of it.
The Adobe programming tools also can be used in the production of applications that run on AIR, the Adobe Integrated Runtime that lets Flash applications run on their own outside a browser.
Updated at 2:40 p.m. PDT with more details about Firefox 3.1 features.
Firefox 3.1 will run many Web-based applications such as Gmail faster through incorporation of a feature called TraceMonkey that dramatically speeds up programs written in JavaScript, Mozilla said Friday.
JavaScript has been very broadly used to add pizzazz or flexibility to Web pages over the years, but in recent years, it's also become the plumbing for many rich Internet applications. However, because JavaScript has been hobbled by pokey performance, Web-based applications often struggled to work as responsively as "native" software running directly on PCs, and programmers writing Web applications have often turned to other options, such as Adobe Systems' Flash and Flex.
Now Mozilla hopes to change the balance of power in JavaScript's favor.
"TraceMonkey is a project to bring native code speed to JavaScript," said Mike Shaver, Mozilla's interim vice president of engineering, adding that JavaScript performance nearly doubles compared to Firefox 3.0, based on the SunSpider test of JavaScript performance. That speeds up many basic tasks, but it also brings image editing and 3D graphics into JavaScript's abilities, he said.
On Thursday, Mozilla programmers built TraceMonkey into the latest developer version of the open-source Web browser, and it will appear in the next released test version, which likely will be the first beta of Firefox 3.1, Shaver said. Firefox 3.1 is due in final form by the end of the year, though Mozilla is willing to let the schedule slip a bit, if necessary.
TraceMonkey dramatically improves the speed of many JavaScript operations. (Click to enlarge.)
(Credit: Mozilla)JavaScript execution speed can make surfing the Web snappier, so naturally, it's a key part of the resurgent browser wars between Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla's Firefox, Apple's Safari, and Opera. "We're as aware as anybody that the market is competitive again," Shaver said.
The SunSpider JavaScript test shows a boost of 83 percent, according to programmer and JavaScript pioneer Brendan Eich, who has worked on TraceMonkey and blogged about it on Friday. However, that speed test is an artificial benchmark that is an imperfect reflection of actual JavaScript applications such as Yahoo's Zimbra e-mail software.
Another illustration of TraceMonkey speed is a video of photo editing. Contrast and brightness adjustments take about 100 milliseconds instead of more than 700.
Shaver discussed TraceMonkey on his own blog too.
TraceMonkey explained
TraceMonkey's name is a cross between SpiderMonkey, Mozilla's current engine for interpreting JavaScript code, and a technique called tracing developed at the University of California at Irvine by Andreas Gal and others. Gal is TraceMonkey's lead architect, Shaver said.
TraceMonkey is what's called a just-in-time compiler, one type of technology that solves the problem of converting programs written by humans into instructions a computer can understand.
Most software that runs on people's computers is already compiled in advance into what's called a binary file, but JavaScript usually is interpreted line by line as it runs, a slower process. "We're getting close to the end of what you can do with an interpreter," Shaver said.
A just-in-time compiler, though, creates that binary file on the fly as the code arrives--when a person visits a new Web page, and the browser encounters JavaScript, for example.
TraceMonkey concentrates only on translating selected high-priority parts of software, though. By tracing and recording JavaScript program execution, TraceMonkey finds loops of repeated activity where programs often spend a lot of time. These loops of actual software behavior then are compiled into native instructions the computer can understand.
In contrast, some compilers translate the entire program, a burdensome process that involves mapping all possible paths the computer can take through the code and trying to figure out which are most important. Tracing technology, based on the actual execution of the program, concentrates only on the areas that actually occupy the computer.
"It lets us focus our optimization energy on the parts of the program that matter most," Shaver said.
That concentration means that TraceMonkey doesn't require a lot of memory or a slow-loading plug-in, Shaver said. And it also means that it's good for mobile devices, one of Mozilla's main focuses for browser development.
There's still a lot of work to be done in improving Web-based applications, though. Mozilla's next priority is improving the DOM--the document object model elements of Web browsers that are in charge of drawing and manipulating the Web page overall.
Although TraceMonkey currently is built into the new developer version of Firefox 3.1, it's disabled by default to begin with. "We did that because we want to get wider feedback," Shaver said.
Also in Firefox 3.1
Other significant changes will arrive in Firefox 3.1, Shaver said.
One is support for threading by JavaScript programs. Threads are instruction sequences, and newer multicore processors are able to run multiple threads simultaneously. Software support for that will mean JavaScript programs can execute some tasks in the background better, Shaver said.
Another is the built-in ability to play music encoded with the Ogg Vorbis format and video encoded with the Ogg Theora format. These formats, while not nearly as widely used or as supported as rivals such as MP3, are free from proprietary constraints such as patents, Shaver said, and therefore can be added to an open-source project such as Firefox.
"We're excited to bring unencumbered, truly open-source video to the Web," Shaver said. The support also works on all operating systems Firefox supports.
Mozilla will start encouraging Firefox users more actively to move to the current version soon. In about the next two weeks, Firefox 2 users will start getting messages to upgrade to version 3, Shaver said.
Currently, when copies of Firefox 2 check Mozilla servers to see if there's an update, the servers don't say to move all the way to version 3, so users must manually update.
"We're looking at doing that in the next two weeks," Shaver said. "The majority of users are still on Firefox 2."
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